David Brody argues that the rise of contractual or collective bargaining relationships during the post-World War II era formalized the relationship between employers and unions. The use of collective bargaining agreements to resolve workplace disputes has weakened unions and workers' power. Other actions, such as the use of collective bargaining as a replacement for direct action and its use in place of grievance strikes and arbitration, have also weakened unions and workers' power. The increase in contractual or collective bargaining relationships has changed the dynamics of the workplace, shifting power from the union side to that of the employers. The perspective could be better supported by referring to Weber's theory and description of bureaucratic authority in which Weber states: “In the heady postwar days, collective bargaining seemed equipped with infinite possibilities for redistributing power and authority in American industry. Nothing could have been more wrong. Of all the circumstances that contributed to management's ultimate success, this was the essential one ...