Notably, Weber's own description of substantive rationality recognizes its ambiguity in that the actual values ​​involved in decision making do not matter as long as actions are goal-oriented and "applying certain criteria of ultimate ends” (1922/1978, p. 85-6). In contrast, formal rationality focuses on a rational means-end calculation by reference to “universally applied rules, laws or regulations” (Karlberg, 1980, p. 1158) generally based on objective or quantitative criteria.