This aspect of Berlin's assessment of the early Atlantic slave trade focuses primarily on culture and language as part of the basic humanity of slave life in ​these early stages. These early aspects of colonial life defined a greater respect for people of African descent, which allowed them greater freedoms in terms of workforce for the colonial economy. These are important aspects of Berlin's book, which also shows population graphs and other numerical measures of slave life that support these cultural and linguistic views of slave life in the 17th century. Between the late 17th and 18th centuries, Berlin (1998) defines phases of the plantation slave trade that sought to create stricter and stricter rules for slaves, which denied them any rights as citizens or members of white colonial culture. In contrast to the Charter culture of the early slave era, Berlin (1998) calls the lack of medical care, housing, good working conditions, and family life degraded as slaves were transformed into property , instead of being human beings with