Instances of duality are prolific in James Hogg's Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, or simply Memoirs. The duality is so woven into the story that it appears not just in the novel, but as part of the novel. It is written in two distinct voices in three sections. The first and third sections are told simply “by the editor,” and although the third contains a letter from James Hogg, the voice does not change. The second section is written by the protagonist, Robert, and presents itself as a diary. The two voices are an important part of the novel, and readers may at some point wonder whether the demonic entity Gil-Martin might actually be the publisher, but the reader will simply have to wonder. The dual authorship simply shows how inherent duality is to this novel, and therefore how deeply rooted in Scottish identity. Hoggs Memoirs reflects a Scotland bifurcated by both national loyalty and religious fanaticism. The novel's three separate evil personalities, or doubles, are indicative of the problems Scotland faced at the time: internal conflict, religious fanaticism, and an inability to resolve the past. The first example of duality seen in the novel is when Gil-Martin imitates Drummond in the time leading up to George's death. Drummond's double duel enables Robert's betrayal of his brother. This image of two Scots fighting serves to remind the reader of the Jacobite wars and how dissensions between the Scots led to their defeat at the hands of the English (Sanky and Szechi 91). Scotland has had a long history of infighting. Clan wars and differences between the highland and lowland Scots prevented the land's inhabitants from repelling the English invasion. Divisions and mistrust between the clans prevented them from supporting a leader or a plan, and only with the British conquest would the country be united. There had been fighting between clans