Also, it introduces the idea that popular polarization is different from partisan polarization and that sorting occurred within parties. This means that “those who affiliate with a party…are more likely to affiliate with the ideologically 'correct' party than they were [before]” (Fiorina et al. 61). To illustrate the concept of polarization he uses a figure with urns filled with marble. These ballot boxes depict red, blue and gray marbles with the r for Republican, the d for Democrat and the i, for Independent. During polarization, all independent gray marbles disappear and become red or blue. In the sorting example, the first urn has blue marbles der, gray marbles i and red marbles de r. When sorting occurs, the r marbles are all red, the d marbles are all blue, and the gray i marbles remain in the center. The proportions remain substantially the same, however appearing more polarised. This is what according to the author has happened in America, especially in the southern states and now individuals do not take into account where they live and choose based on who they are. It continues with the idea that Americans have both traditional and modern values. Polarization may be subjective, however American polarization around religious and moral issues is