NHMRC Level 1 Evidence – Systematic ReviewThis systematic review conducted by Takeda A, Taylor SJC, Taylor RS, Khan F, Krum H, Underwood M, (2012) derived twenty-five studies , and the overall number of people involved in the collective processes was 5,942. Interventions were classified and evaluated using the following items: Takeda, Taylor, Khan, Krum, and Underwood. (2012) states that "(1) case management interventions (intense monitoring of patients after discharge, often involving telephone follow-up and home visits); (2) clinical interventions (follow-up in a CHF clinic) and (3) multidisciplinary interventions (holistic approach bridging the gap between hospital admission and discharge home provided by a team). The components, intensity and duration of interventions varied, as did the “usual care” comparator provided across studies. (P. 2). Systematic review indicated (1) “Case management interventions were associated with reductions in all-cause mortality at 12-month follow-up, but not at six months.” (Takenda, et al, 2012) The systematic review also stated that although case management interventions were not associated with a reduction in mortality, case management interventions were indicated to reduce the incidence of patients presenting in hospital with exacerbations of chronic heart failure. The benefits of case management-based interventions were evident after 12 months had passed. Six of the twenty-five studies evaluated (2) heart failure clinics, and the evidence for this intervention was less convincing as the review stated that “there was no real difference in all-cause mortality, heart failure readmissions heart failure or between patients who had turned to a clinic and those who received usual care". (Takenda, et al., 2012)The...... half of the document......858. CD003838.pub3.Heart Failure. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/information-for-professionals/Clinical-Information/Pages/heart-failure.aspx.2014.Jeon, Y., Kraus, S.G., Jowsey, T., & Glasgow, New Jersey (2010). The experience of living with chronic heart failure: a narrative review of qualitative studies BMC health services research. 10-77Takeda A, Taylor SJC, Taylor RS, Khan F, Krum H, Underwood M. (2012). Heart failure clinical service organization (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Number 9. Art. No.: CD002752. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002752.pub3.Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJS, Dalal H, Lough F, Rees K, Singh S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003331. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub4.