(p. 69). In contrast to the definitions provided by Jones et al. (2002) and Clough et al. (2002), this definition is general in nature and identifies the significant role of values, attitudes, cognitions, and emotions, without confining the variables with subjective definitions (i.e., they recognize the importance of the variables but refrain from pontificating their exact role without sufficient evidence). Gucciardi's definition can be said to encompass a more task-based approach, not an ego-based definition, because it describes how an individual progresses toward their goals by examining both outcomes and processes of mental endurance. In contrast, the definitions provided by Jones et al., Middleton et al., and Clough et al., are based on social comparison and achieving superiority over others.