The Chinese and Japanese response to the West was that Japan successfully modernized and became an industrialized power, while China failed to do so. Foreign technicians were brought to Japan, and increasing numbers of Japanese were sent to Western countries to learn from them. Feudalism was abolished, new systems of taxation and coinage were established, and Western infrastructure and institutions, such as banks and railways, were adopted. However, this occurred on a much more limited scale than in China as only a small portion of the population was affected and it did not really change Chinese life. What the Chinese government failed to understand is that the West's achievements were the product of profound structural changes and that "to modernize it is necessary to adapt or change traditional institutions and ways of thinking." (Warren p. 235). Therefore, modernization in China occurred only at a very superficial level. In the nineteenth century, after a long period of isolationism, China and then Japan came under pressure from the West to open up to trade and foreign relations. The industrial revolution in Europe and the United States had